模糊综合评判在崩塌预测中的应用

本文用模糊数学理论建立了崩塌易发性预测模型,模型中通过对崩塌影响因素的分析,选取8种因素作为预测因子,4个等级作为评价集,并引入k次抛物型模糊分布作为隶属函数。之后采用层次分析法求出权重,使用matlab软件检验权重的一致性并计算结果向量,从而实现对崩塌发育影响因素严重性等级综合评判。实例表明:模糊综合评价方法可操作性强、效果较好,可在一般崩塌发育影响因素分析评价中广泛应用。     

水体系中氧氟沙星的光化学降解研究

研究了高压汞灯和氙灯照射下氧氟沙星(OFLX)在蒸馏水、人工海水和天然海水中的光降解过程,探讨了光源、起始浓度、丙酮、表面活性剂等因素对OFLX光化学降解速率的影响.结果表明,OFLX在高压汞灯下的光反应速率比在氙灯下快得多,均符合一级反应动力学过程;在相同光源下,OFLX在海水中降解最快,其次是人工海水;当OFLX初始浓度为2、4、6mg.L-1时,其光解速率常数分别为0.163、0.140和0.132 min-1,随着OFLX初始浓度增大,其光解率降低;不同浓度的丙酮均能促进OFLX光降解的反应,其反应速率常数为0.084 2～0.102 min-1,且光敏效率与丙酮浓度呈正相关关系;然而当十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、吐温-20(TW-20)等表面活性剂的浓度为5 mg.L-1,它们均抑制了水体中OFLX光降解反应的进程.另外,利用金藻8701单种培养进行了OFLX光化学降解前后的毒性试验,表明OFLX光解过程产生风险较高的中间产物,随着光解进行,产物毒性降低.     

农垦北安局农业生态经济系统能值分析及可持续发展对策

文章运用能值理论分析方法,对黑龙江省农垦北安局2001年-2008年农业生态经济系统发展现状进行研究分析。研究结果表明,系统能值投入和产出呈逐年增长的趋势,能值自给率、人口承载力和净能值产出率呈下降趋势,能值投资率、人均能值使用量和能值密度呈增加态势,环境压力逐年增加。根据能值指标分析结果和经济发展现状,提出农业生态系统可持续发展对策。     

CALPUFF-AERMOD大气预测模式耦合系统

AERMOD和CALPUFF在模型应用尺度、适用范围、气象与地形预处理以及特殊计算功能模块等方面具有自身的特点和优势。为了使模型系统计算结果合理科学,本文综合考虑AERMOD和CALPUFF的应用范围和特点,建立了CALPUFF-AERMOD耦合系统。以广东省东莞、中山、深圳的污染源和气象条件等资料为背景,进行污染预测模拟,以此评价模式的模拟性能,并对比CALPUFF与AERMOD的预测结果,最终计算得出的预测结果相对科学合理。     

西北地区水窖水质的污染原因及防治措施

文章结合我国西北地区雨水集蓄利用工程水质的基本情况,对典型地区水窖水质的检测数据、结果和污染成因作了分析,并提出了水窖防治水质污染的措施。     

浅谈预防中国西北地区土地荒漠化的法律对策

2006年世界环境日聚焦"沙漠和荒漠化",关注人为因素导致的土地退化,为全人类敲响"沙漠和荒漠化"警钟!本文从土地荒漠化这一概念入手,分析了中国西北地区土地荒漠化的现状及成因;以各个部门法为切入点,阐述了目前中国预防西北地区土地荒漠化的法律对策.     

Effects of irrigation,fertilization and crop straw management on nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from a wheat–maize rotation field in northern China

One-year winter wheat–summer maize rotation is the most popular double cropping system in north-central China, and this highly productive system is an important source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions due to the high fertilizer N and irrigation water inputs. To sustain the high crop production and mitigate the detrimental impacts of N₂O and NO emissions, improved management practices are extensively applied. The aim of this study is therefore to evaluate the effects of an improved management practice of irrigation, fertilization and crop straw on grain yield and N₂O and NO emissions for a wheat–maize rotation field in northern China. Using automated and manual chamber measuring systems, we monitored N₂O and NO fluxes for the conventional (CT, 2007–2008), improved (IT, 2007–2008), straw-amended (WS, 2008–2009), straw-not-amended (NS, 2008–2009), and no N-fertilizer treatments (WS–NN, 2008–2009), respectively, for one rotation-year. The grain yields were determined for CT and IT for three rotation-years (2005–2008) and for WS, NS and WS–NN for one rotation-year (2008–2009). The improved management of irrigation and fertilization reduced the annual N fertilization rate and irrigation amount by 17% and 30%, respectively; increased the maize yield by 7–14%; and significantly decreased the N₂O and NO emissions by 7% (p < 0.05) and 29% (p < 0.01), respectively. The incorporation of wheat straw increased the cumulative N₂O and NO emissions in the following maize season by 58% (p < 0.01) and 13%, respectively, whereas the effects of maize straw application were not remarkable. The N₂O and NO emission factors of applied N were 2.32 ± 2.32% and 0.42 ± 1.69% for wheat straw and 0.67 ± 0.23% and 0.54 ± 0.15% for chemical N-fertilizers, respectively. Compared to conventional management practices using high application rates of irrigation water and chemical N-fertilizer as well as the field burning of crop straw, the improved management strategy presented here has obvious environmentally positive effects on grain yield and mitigation of N₂O and NO emissions.     

一株嗜盐聚磷菌的筛选及除磷性能初探

从运行稳定的以生活污水为碳源的污泥中富集分离,并筛选出一株嗜盐聚磷菌qdp05,通过对菌株的形态、生理生化特征及16SrDNA序列进行分析后,鉴定该菌株qdp05为肠杆菌属.当碳源为乙酸钠,盐度为2%的条件下,好氧条件下培养48h后,qdp05对磷的最终去除率为87.8%.在厌氧好氧连续培养过程,qdp05表现出明显的...     

提高生产过程安全联锁系统可靠性的实用技术

以聚醚车间雾化器的安全联锁和工业蒸汽锅炉汽包的安全联锁两个实例,介绍了在安全性要求比较高的中、小型生产装置中,以较少的投资提高安全联锁系统可靠性的实用方法.这种基于冗余技术思想的实用安全技术,适用于石油化工生产过程及其它一些生产领域.     

五种重点关注的重金属废渣的处理方法与利用现状

近年来,随着我国经济的迅速发展,重金属废渣的总量逐步扩大,引发了很多社会、经济、环境问题,成为了企业和环保领域关注的热点问题,国家近期提出了五种需重点关注的重金属废渣。本文在对国内外资料的总结和回顾的基础上,着重论述了这五种重金属废渣的来源、产量,对于现在常用的各种处理方式进行对比分析,指出其优缺点;总结了一般重金属废渣的处理模式,提出了自己的看法;展望了重金属废渣处理技术的发展方向。